Bird Flight - How Do Birds Fly?

merlin falcon in flight Listed below are adaptations for bird flight. In order to fly, a bird must solve two basic problems: the reduction of weight and the increase of power.

Most of the anatomical and physiological differences that set birds apart from other vertebrates seem to be adaptations devoted to the solution of these two problems.

Modern aviation technology has all been derived from the study of birds' flight mechanics.

It may be a long while before any type of aircraft will have the kind of abilities that birds have when it comes to flying. Below are discussed some of these marvel adaptations that birds have for flight.

Codes for different bird flight adaptations:

W = Weight-reducing
E = Energy promoting
S = Structural
B = Balancing
O = Orienting
A = Aerodynamic

BRAIN

Olfactory lobes greatly reduced (W)
Cerebellum well developed for coordination (O)

EYES

Eyes large with wide field of view and some binocular vision (O)
Nictitating membrane a third eyelid that is transparent or translucent so that a flying bird can blink and not be momentarily blinded (O)
Eyes, fixed in position, are moved with the head by neck muscles (W, B)
Sclerotic ring of bony plates protects eye and increases the distance between the lens and retina for keen distance vision (O)

BODY SHAPE

Short and compact compared to other animals (S,B)
Most organs and large muscles are located near the center of gravity, which is slightly below and behind the wings (B).
Bilateral symmetry (B, A)

BLOOD

High blood pressure (E)
High blood sugar (2 X mammal glucose levels) (E)
Better fliers have smaller red blood cells with greater surface-to-volume ratios for greater oxygen-absorbing capability (E).

HEART

4-chambered with pulmonary circuit to lungs (E)
Large and powerful (E)

LUNGS

Air "capillaries" (parabronchii) circulated air through the lungs (E)
Air sacs in dorsal body cavity lower the center of gravity and aid in respiration so there is no residual air (B,W,E)
Oxygen exchange probably occurs during both inhalation and exhalation (E)

FEATHERS

Contour body feathers decrease drag (A)
Down feathers for insulation (E)
Primary feathers are "wings" (A)
Provide wing shape (A)
Hollow (W)

More information about bird feathers.

METABOLISM

High metabolism for quick reactions and power (E)
Endothermic (E)

GONADS

Ovaries and testes reduced in size outside of the breeding season (W)
Usually only one functional ovary, the second ovary greatly reduced in size. Female liver is moved to compensate for weight difference (B,W)
Young develop outside mother's body in a hard protective egg (W)

More information about bird reproduction.

PECTORAL GIRDLE

Coracoid, furcula, and scapula form a sturdy tripod for supporting the wings (S)
Broad surfaces for the attachment of large flight muscles (S)

SPINE

Vertebrae fused for a stable air frame (S)

LIMBS

Leg muscles are close to the body (E, B)
Legs are tucked next to body in flight (A)
Forelimbs (wings) attached closer to center of gravity and farther from head than in other animals (B, A)
The natural motion of forelimb is up and down, rather than back and forth (as in other animals) (S, A)
Forelimbs fold into a "Z" close to the body (A)
Hand bones are small, fused, flattened and specialized to manipulate the flight feathers (S, W, A)
Aerodynamic shape of forelimb provides lift and propulsive force (A)

More information about the bird skeleton.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Consume high-energy foods such as insects, seeds, fruits, meat, and nec- tar (E)
Extremely efficient in absorbing energy from small amounts of food (E,W)
Digestion is very rapid (W)

EARS

No external ears (A)

Slow Motion Flight of Anna's Hummingbird

Hope you enjoyed learning about all the different adaptations of bird flight. You can now better appreciate the marvel of bird flight and on days wish you could be as free as a bird:

"When once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return."
-Leonardo da Vinci

Related Bird Anatomy Pages:

Learn About Other Bird Characteristics

Photo of Merlin courtesy of Bill Thompson, USFWS.

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